When introduced to a person with a disability, it is appropriate to offer to shake hands. Communication is Unrepeatable. While race and gender are two of the first things we notice about others, sexuality is often something we view as personal and private. C. find others' identities become our own through communication. Napoleonic Code in France removes all penalties for any sexual activity between consenting adults. Treat adults as adults. We must avoid the temptation to think of our identities as constant. 26. The 2010 Census shows that the Hispanic and Latino/a populations in the United States are now the second largest group in the country, having grown 43 percent since the last census in 2000 (Saenz, 2011). We assessed the effectiveness of an integrated engineering public-speaking class relative to a traditionally taught public-speaking class. b. While the proof they presented was credible to many at the time, it seems blatantly sexist and inaccurate today. Dominant identity development consists of five stages (Martin & Nakayama, 2010). But that ignores that fact that men have a gender, too. Which of the following do the authors conclude? The US military policy Dont Ask Dont Tell is repealed, allowing gays and lesbians to serve openly. d. Both physiological and psychological noise. The term heterosexuality is coined to refer a form of sexual perversion in which people engage in sexual acts for reasons other than reproduction. Both groups may be restrained from communicating about difference due to norms of political correctness, which may make people feel afraid to speak up because they may be perceived as insensitive or racist. Regarding interpersonal versus impersonal communication, your textbook asks, "Is interpersonal communication better than impersonal communication?" This book is of particular value because it provides important insights into Tajfels thinking and growth as a scholar throughout this process, and how this research, spanning decades, eventually evolved into what becomes known as social identity theory. The ILM calls for more individual and collective action toward social change by people with disabilities. Gays and lesbians constitute the most visible of the groups and receive the most attention and funding. Political Communication, Normative Analysis of, Whiteness Theory in Intercultural Communication. a. we make sense out of the messages sent by others. Ableism is the system of beliefs and practices that produces a physical and mental standard that is projected as normal for a human being and labels deviations from it abnormal, resulting in unequal treatment and access to resources. The following sentence may contain a subject-verb or pronoun-antecedent agreement error. We dont only see similarities and differences on an individual level. Notably, within the field of communication, the value of social identity theory rests with its ability to explain or predict messaging and response behaviors when a particular group identity is made salient. During the early part of the 1900s, the eugenics movement was the epitome of the move to rehabilitate or reject people with disabilities (Allen, 2005). Judith N. Martin, Lisa A. Flores, and Thomas K. Nakayama (Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill, 2002), 61. Code-switching involves changing from one way of speaking to another between or within interactions. There are multiple models for examining identity development. In verbal communication you might say Latina when referring to a particular female or Latino when referring to a particular male of Latin American heritage. Turner, J.C. 1985. Such group responses often include social change, social conflict, and social creativity. The integration stage marks a period where individuals with a nondominant identity have achieved a balance between embracing their own identities and valuing other dominant and nondominant identities. In a group in Africa, young boys are responsible for taking care of babies and are encouraged to be nurturing (Wood, 2005). To extend the previous example, there has been a movement in recent years to reclaim the label nerd and turn it into a positive, and a nerd subculture has been growing in popularity. Source: Adapted from Brenda J. Allen, Difference Matters: Communicating Social Identity (Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press, 2011), 11725; and University of Denver Queer and Ally Commission, Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Intersex, and Queer History, Queer Ally Training Manual, 2008. There are numerous components of ICC. The most obvious way sexuality relates to identity is through sexual orientation. But if an African American becomes president of her colleges Black Student Union, she may more intensely avow her African American identity, which has now become more salient. Leaning on or hanging on to a persons wheelchair is similar to leaning or hanging on to a person and is generally considered annoying. 4 (1996): 318. As an example, some heterosexual people who find out a friend or family member is gay or lesbian may have to confront their dominant heterosexual identity for the first time, which may lead them through these various stages. While the biological characteristics between men and women are obviously different, its the meaning that we create and attach to those characteristics that makes them significant. These individuals may begin to disassociate with their own dominant group because they feel like a curtain has been opened and their awareness of the inequality makes it difficult for them to interact with others in their dominant group. You could not be signed in, please check and try again. With these suggestions in mind, the increasingly common real-world event of diversity training is more likely to succeed. In the United States, the population of people of color is increasing and diversifying, and visibility for people who are gay or lesbian and people with disabilities has also increased. The US Constitution does not stipulate a national language, and Congress has not designated one either. As human genome mapping and DNA manipulation become more accessible, advanced genetic testing could enable parents to eliminate undesirable aspects or enhance desirable characteristics of their children before they are born, creating designer children (Spice, 2005). Saenz, A., Census Data Shows a Changed American Landscape, ABC News, March 21, 2011, accessed October 9, 2011, http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/census-data-reveals-changed-american-landscape/story?id=13206427. A sterilization law written in 1914 proposed to authorize sterilization of the socially inadequate, which included the feebleminded, insane, criminalistic, epileptic, inebriate, diseased, blind, deaf, deformed, and dependent (Lombardo, 2011). This occurs, they argue, as individuals categorize themselves into a social group (social categorization), adopt the identity of that group (social identification), and engage in comparisons with other social groups (social comparison). Collectivism stresses the importance of the community, while individualism is focused on the rights and concerns of each person. I dont want to go around with hacked-off hair and no makeup and sit around bashing men. Many of my students have been surprised at the continuing pay gap that exists between men and women. As beliefs in the supernatural increase during the Middle Ages, people with disabilities are seen as manifestations of evil and are ridiculed and persecuted. Then, circle the word People in the redefinition stage revise negative views of their identity held in the previous stage and begin to acknowledge their privilege and try to use the power they are granted to work for social justice. We have all experienced times when we are more or less able. There is resistance to classifying ability as a cultural identity, because we follow a medical model of disability that places disability as an individual and medical rather than social and cultural issue. Given that we live in a patriarchal society, there are communicative elements present in school that support this (Allen, 2011). Human groups and social categories. While nearly thirty states have passed English-language legislation, it has mostly been symbolic, and court rulings have limited any enforceability (Zuckerman, 2010). In these situations, it is more likely that stereotypes and prejudice will influence our communication. Sexuality connects to public health issues like sexually transmitted infections (STIs), sexual assault, sexual abuse, sexual harassment, and teen pregnancy. Where unity and selflessness or altruism are valued traits in collectivist cultures, independence and personal identity are promoted in . The Vermont Supreme Court rules that the state must provide legal rights to same-sex couples. Most people pick and choose those with whom they communicate online with great care. Older terms that people used to refer to those who were transgender included transsexual, transvestite, and cross-dresser, although these words are not as appropriate or used as often in the present. 1. For example, Asian Americans are diverse in terms of country and language of origin and cultural practices. When I teach courses about gender, I often ask my students to raise their hand if they consider themselves feminists. The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) defines an individual with a disability as a person who has a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities, a person who has a history or record of such an impairment, or a person who is perceived by others as having such an impairment (Allen, 2011). Some of the goals of the ILM include reframing disability as a social and political rather than just a medical issue, a shift toward changing society rather than just rehabilitating people with disabilities, a view of accommodations as civil rights rather than charity, and more involvement by people with disabilities in the formulation and execution of policies relating to them (Longmore, 2003). We can now see that difference matters due to the inequalities that exist among cultural groups and due to changing demographics that affect our personal and social relationships. Tatum, B. D., The Complexity of Identity: Who Am I? in Readings for Diversity and Social Justice, eds. For example, I once taught at a private university that was predominantly white. Some people of color may engage in code-switching when communicating with dominant group members because they fear they will be negatively judged. While there are more women in the workforce now than ever before, they still face a glass ceiling, which is a barrier for promotion to upper management. However, there is a difference between racist acts, which we can attach to an individual, and institutional racism, which is not as easily identifiable. There are obviously exceptions, with people in groups considered nondominant obtaining more resources and power than a person in a dominant group. Instant messaging Cullen, L. T., Employee Diversity Training Doesnt Work, Time, April 26, 2007, accessed October 5, 2011, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1615183,00.html. Is a transactional process involving participants who occupy different but overlapping environments. In fact, we also place people into in-groups and out-groups based on the similarities and differences we perceive. London: Routledge. Instead of duplicating information in your system, you'll maintain the . A male participant in a research project on identity said the following about redefining his male identity: I dont want to assert my maleness the same way that maleness is asserted all around us all the time. Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. The rarity of personal relationships is not necessarily unfortunate. Sometimes clear communication is even the cause of problems. Corporate communication is the perception of a company by creating a brand identity and maintaining communication with the general public. When a persons lack of interest in their own identity is replaced by an investment in a dominant groups identity, they may move to the next stage, which is conformity. c. we put our thoughts into words. People with limited hand use or an artificial limb can usually shake hands. Ability, just as the other cultural identities discussed, has institutionalized privileges and disadvantages associated with it. European Journal of Social Psychology 5.1: 534. For example, a white person may take notice that a person of color was elected to a prominent office. For example, an African American may not have difficulty deciding which box to check on the demographic section of a survey. Specifically, individuals will seek to protect or enhance a particular group identity (through words or actions) when they perceive it to be threatened or they sense an opportunity to promote or enhance it. Experts recommend that a company put a staff person in charge of diversity efforts, and some businesses have gone as far as appointing a chief diversity officer (Cullen, 2007). Social categorization and the self-concept: A social cognitive theory of group behavior. The instrumental aspect of the communication. Many people are beginning to regularly communicate with family and friends over the computer rather than face-to-face. It reflects the values, beliefs, and customs of a society. But immigrant groups that we might think of as white today were not always considered so. In the resistance and separation stage, an individual with a nondominant identity may shift away from the conformity of the previous stage to engage in actions that challenge the dominant identity group. Then we attempt to construct that gendered identity through our interactions with others, which is our gender expression. There are other important identities that could be discussed, like religion, age, nationality, and class. Their desire for their child, named Storm, to be able to experience early life without the boundaries and categories of gender brought criticism from many (Davis & James, 2011). Social comparison and social identity: Some prospects for intergroup behavior. In the absence of such scarcity, ingroup favoritism and outgroup hostility are unlikely to manifest. Identities emerge when messages are exchanged between persons; they are negotiated, co-created, reinforced, and challenged through communication. The Linguistic Society of America points out that immigrants are very aware of the social and economic advantages of learning English and do not need to be forced. For example, teachers are more likely to call on and pay attention to boys in a classroom, giving them more feedback in the form of criticism, praise, and help. If so, what did you learn or take away from the training? Rather than diminishing other forms of communication, CMC actually promotes and reinforces them. Social identity theory also suggests that individuals do more than merely identify with the social groups to which they belong; they also derive comfort, security, and self-esteem from these groups. While much of what distinguishes able-bodied and cognitively able from disabled is rooted in science, biology, and physiology, there are important sociocultural dimensions. As with other groups, it is best to allow someone to self-identify first and then honor their preferred label. These inequalities in schools correspond to larger inequalities in the general workforce. This movement includes people who are hearing impaired and believe that their use of a specific language, American Sign Language (ASL), and other cultural practices constitutes a unique culture, which they symbolize by capitalizing the D in Deaf (Allen, 2011). So one of the first reasons difference matters is that people and groups are treated unequally, and better understanding how those differences came to be can help us create a more just society.

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