He also demonstrates through his characters a human touch. Now Im going to take the easiest pieces from each category we discussed, so if youre just starting out you know where to look. Other musicologists cite that even the markings we see in modern editions of music do not mean what they used to mean. The title refers to a dream-like state, which Debussy addresses head on with this work. What makes it worse is that the symphony is a narrative for Berliozs own heartbreak. Although still very popular today, the work was one of Debussy's earlier works, meaning that it wasn't as harmonically innovative as some of his later works. This edition has been designed to be used at the piano. The Wagner opera returns to the Met for the first time in 17 years. Debussy was 40 years old that his musical career shifted for the better. But instead, Rverie is calm, peaceful and prioritises atmosphere and reaching that dream-like state. Is it possible to create a concave light? Angela Hewitt Performance of Clair de Lune. 4858), the first three measures are in the key of F-Major. More proof, as if it were needed, that Claude Debussy was the master of creating dream-like atmospheres in his piano music. The composer's emerging voice is already clear and recognizable in Rverie. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. Usually, Maupassant characters exhibit or portray various degrees of weakness, such as hypocrisy, callousness or even cruelty. In the second image (mm. Copyright 2022 by the Regents of the University of California. And the music Clair De Lune by Debussy, also the impressionism piece, composer state that it is the new world of sound is truly revealed, blurred pedal effects; the usage of sustained vibration-so the resonance may encounter the new harmonic notes, the employment of the triads with added sixth. Reverie begins They're written for solo piano. The first movement is superb! It wasnt until Harmonic Analysis of C. M. von Weber Clarinet Concerto No.1. Please direct all requests for permission to photocopy or reproduce article content through the University of California Presss Reprints and Permissions web page. Then she introduces Cheryl Lemmons, which is the pianist that was sitting at the piano located right front of the stage. see all. But first, a little background on the concept ofreverie. Preludes (Books 1 and 2) - Claude Debussy 2020-09-08 We've added a "Necessary cookies only" option to the cookie consent popup, Harmonic analysis of J.S. How can the intro to the song "If I Fell" be analyzed? Now I want to share a contemporary interpretation ofreveriewith you in the form of an album (entitledReverieof course) by composerRafael Anton Irisarri. In the words of Nicholas Cook and Mark Everist in Rethinking Music, It seemed natural to Debussy that different performances would involve different tempo fluctuations: one naturally added them to a performance. The French composer Claude Debussy has always been known for his remarkable impressionistic music. William Timothy O'steen Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation It has been said, however, that the fluidity of Debussys melodic writing were reminiscent of what was to come from his later, more mature works. You\'ll receive the next newsletter in your inbox. Both of these versions prefer a slower tempo and incorporate a lot of rubato, but the mood and the way each performer has internalized the composition is completely different. I like to use all three of these classification systems because not every Tchaikovsky tune is on the RCM syllabus, or the ABRSM syllabus, or on Henles website. https://doi.org/10.1525/jams.2021.74.2.289, http://www.ucpress.edu/journals.php?p=reprints, Life of a Colombian Musician: Music Autobiography, Cosmopolitan Musickings, and Agonistic Objectification, Synthesized Socialism: Soviet Modernity and the Politics of Timbre in the Cold War, Global Chopin: The 1949 Centenary and Polish Internationalism during the Early Cold War. Claude Debussy. Copyright 2022 A Pianist's Musings. More often than not, a dream is not often interrupted by big sounds, instead they just move along at a comfortable pace. $52.75 / Edition Urtext, Broche. Alexandra Kieffer; Reverie, Schmaltz, and the Modernist Imagination. Often used as a work perfect for mindfulness and meditation, Rverie is an accessible way into Debussys style. Martin expresses his ambivalence about his patrimony and his wife, perhaps seems to imply to his look-alike take her. And Pansette says to himself, Why not? In a way, these passages are reminiscent of classical dialogs, in which poets would use dialog as a narrative element to enrich their histories. Along with Maurice Ravel, he was one of the most prominent figures associated with Impressionist music, though he himself disliked the term when applied to his compositions. 3738, bars 2732, etc.? 1891 - Paris . prominent figures working within the field of impressionist music. "I wrote it in a hurry years ago and purely for commercial purposes. Slowly out of the chaos brings a light, airy feeling that was accomplished by the help of a flute and violin solo. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. When playing Debussy, its seldom that Ill actually put the pedal all the way down, and at the beginning of Rverie, I keep it only about a quarter or a third of the way depressed. To blend and overlap chords, I partially lift up on the sustaining pedal and allow some of the residue from the previous tones to blend into the next as I bear down slowly into the pedal again. Easiest Debussy: Deux Arabesques These two arabesques were among Debussy's first piano compositions, and still remain among his most famous. Accept the weirdness in the Reverie's harmonic analysis - Impressionism often doesn't follow common practice period harmony (e.g. The other strain pervading the composition is one which the composer has always had in his. How to use Slater Type Orbitals as a basis functions in matrix method correctly? How would these chords from "Christmas Time Is Here" be analyzed? Why is there a voltage on my HDMI and coaxial cables? Do you know an interesting fact or story about this track? Her current research interests include nineteenth-century cultures of aurality, especially in France, and social-scientific theories of music and sacred experience in the first half of the twentieth century. "I very much regret your decision to publish Rverie," Debussy testily wrote to Fromont. This movement Read more, Gustav Mahler: Symphony No.2 (Movement II) Movement II Once Mahler had completed the Second Symphony, he became troubled as to where the Andante movement should be placed. Bound only lightly to the past, it floats in time. Bosettesini (1821-1889) composed this gorgeous work for double bass and piano in 1870. It was sort of like saying, F you to the loop, to the programming, show composer Ramin Djawadi told us. Clair de lune and Reverie are amongst the most liked pieces for piano Debussy Composed in 1890, Rverie is a peaceful solo work for piano by Claude Debussy. the music was either for the hosts and/or guests, Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information. Five African States; responses to diversity: the Congo, Dahomey, the Cameroun Federal Republic, the Rhodesias and Nyasaland [and] South Africa. Debussy: Reverie pour piano free music downloads: mp3s and video. During his career, the prolific actor inhabited an array of troubled characters. Right, for those of us without the full sheet music of this Debussy Reverie handy, where in the question's sheet music are mm. *Fun fact: Bosettesini was a double bass virtuoso. As she accepts her Someone to Watch award on stage. Why does Mister Mxyzptlk need to have a weakness in the comics? In the first image (mm. Debussy's Critics - Alexandra Kieer 2019-06-04 Debussy's Critics: Sound, Aect, and the Experience of Modernism explores the music of Claude Debussy Voltage destroyed space, the line broke, the colours do not match, the prospect is destroyed. I live in Florida in the countryside on a lake, and it is green and verdant year-round. Terms of Service apply. Someone whos just starting might be able recreate the notes, but theres so much subtlety of shading and texture here advanced Debussy is very easy to play very badly. Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Tumblr (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window), Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window), Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window). It is a work of no consequence and I frankly consider it to be no good!. Par DEBUSSY CLAUDE. The chords themselves are understood in terms of the voice leading: These are set up by mm. Claude-Achille Debussy (22 August 1862 - 25 March 1918) was a French composer. For me, the most important aspect of technique in Rverie has been the breath: just as an opera singer might naturally breathe where phrases begin and end, there is a mental and physical pause, clearing, or reset with each phrase. Debussys Reverie is one of my favorite pieces! Tarantelle Styrienne (Danse) L69. The title refers to a dream-like state, which Debussy addresses head on with this work. Rverie is not full of excitement and explosions of colour, which became a signature characteristic of Debussys later works. 5.0 5.0 out of 5 stars (3) He began to be drawn to the sounds of the pentatonic scales, whole tone scale, and sounds otherwise known in Asia as his music in comparison often contained a rather circular motion which broke away from the formers heroic cadential style of resolution. There was a choir that was located center stage with the conductor directly in front of them. This can make the work quite personal to the performer, with many adding their own characteristics to the flowing melody and elongated dissonances. The music creates an ambiguous and misty Analysis and Interpretation: Musical Analysis as a Technique for Performance Decisions in Selected Preludes by Claude Debussy. 39, a collection of 24 short piano pieces written for children composed in 1878. Breath Control in the Debussy Rverie For me, the most important aspect of technique in Rverie has been the breath: just as an opera singer might naturally breathe where phrases begin and end, there is a mental and physical pause, clearing, or "reset" with each phrase. Although still very popular today, the work was one of Debussys earlier works, meaning that it wasnt as harmonically innovative as some of his later works. On New Years Eve in 1986, a crowd wearing pointed party hats pressed against the velvet ropes outside a Manhattan club. As if expressing contempt for form and The first two movements (Prelude and Sarabande) are around a level 10 difficulty, but the final Toccata movement is much more challenging. Later he could not compose without having his favorite porcelain frog. 1890 First Perf ormance. can truly appreciate Debussys contribution to feeling and mood in, Frdric Chopin - Nocturne E Flat Major Opus 9 No.2. (Achille) Claude Debussy [n 1] ( French: [ail klod dbysi]; 22 August 1862 - 25 March 1918) was a French composer. My Reverie (Based on Claude Debussy's Reverie) by Cal Tjader (1963) Jazz / Blues. They began with their first piece Wir Eilen Mit Schwachen, Doch Emsigen Schritten written by S.J Bach. Jennifer A. Maxwell. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. After hearing the simple but powerful spells cast by the pentatonic scale (at theL'Esposition Universelle in Paris in 1889), Debussy and Ravel tried using them to "paint" gentle . Join free to receive our weekly email newsletter. All rights reserved. It has been said, however, that the fluidity of Debussys melodic writing were reminiscent of what was to come from his later, more mature works. Weve got romance, breakups, emotionally loaded dumplings this episode has a little bit of everything! Doctor Gradus ad Parnassum is very well-known and well-loved, and is full of good humor. planed chords appear too often). Partly because of the importance of the Prlude within his compositional development, the distinctive sound of Debussys dream music has often been understood as a response to the hermetic and difficult literary style of French Symbolists, especially that of Stphane Mallarm. This piece utilizes a lot of repetition, as the main melody line is bounced around different parts. La musique de piano tant notre point fort, nous tenions attribuer l'oeuvre de celui qui fut l'origine du renouvellement de la . Debussy was considered one of the most Written in 1890, Debussy's Reverie was one of his first solo piano works to make an impact. One Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. The three movements of Estampes are awesome the first movement has an Eastern flair, the second movement has a Spanish flair, and the third movement depicts a vicious rainstorm. This can make the work quite personal to the performer, with many adding their own characteristics to the flowing melody and elongated dissonances. Rverie ("daydream") is music of the young Claude Debussy. opportunity to reclaim a sense of improvisation. Ke Huy Quan Continues His Winning Streak at the Independent Spirit Awards. The final work onIrisarrisalbum is his interpretation ofFr Alinaby20th centurycomposer Arvo Prt (b. Claude Debussy's Rverie, onstage at the Alte Oper . As the piece moves on, the once simple melody has become richer in texture, warmer in sound and dreamier in content. The air is fresh, with birds chirping by day and crickets by night. This delightful little piano work is part of Tchaikovskys op. Teachers' Choice: Selected Piano Repertory & Studies 2023-24 (Grades 8) I find it useful to divide Debussys music into distinct categories, which well discuss in turn: Childrens Corner (1906-1908) is Debussys easiest collection, suitable for early advanced players. RCM grade 9, Henle 4/5. La soiree dans Grenade (no 2): RCM ARCT, ABRSM LRSM, Henle 6/7, Pagodes (no 1): RCM ARCT, ABRSM LRSM, Henle 7, Jardins sous la pluie (no 3): RCM ARCT, ABRSM LRSM, Henle 7. Claude Debussy composed Rverie in 1890, and didnt regard it as a major work, but more of an experiment during a period of financial difficulty. He was made Chevalier of the Legion of Honour in his native France in 1903. While i enjoy watching performers, such as the cellist above, i especially like the ones that show the sheet music so i can follow along. The sound made by the rusty hook appealed to him and he immediately jotted it down, and then and there composed the Cradle Song. It will be readily noticed by those who have again the pleasure of hearing the Cradle Song that the opening bars closely resemble the sound made by a rusty hook swinging in the ring. Would you call it F+/G? Even though its called Childrens Corner, these pieces arent meant for children rather, theyre meant to invoke the vibe of childhood. Right before the piece, I breathe in, and then that first phrase of the Rverie is like the exhale. Rousseau looks more a modern NBA power forward than a defensive end, with a nearly 7-foot wingspan, 11 3/8-inch hands that are among the largest ever recorded at the NFL combine and a 270-pound body packed into a waistline . For an editor of the period, it was natural for a performance to have tempo variations which were not written in the score; even in 1910 it was clearly recognized that a score is not a complete set of instructions, and a performer is not simply an executant.. The most important aspect about Debussy is that he was a genius. cette occasion, nous lui rendrons hommage en prsentant ses oeuvres pour piano en trois volumes brochs ou relis en toile. The easiest of the collection is probably Le petit Negre, and is the one with the most unfortunate title (The Little Negro). Claude Debussy died a century ago, but his music has not grown old. Rverie was one of Debussys earlier works, characterized by their abstract titles, as opposed to the descriptive titles and clear storytelling of his later works. In fact, the most common chord progression in jazz music, the 2-5-1 progression, creates a tonicization with each occurence.Many jazz tunes connect 2-5-1 progressions in a sequential pattern, such as in descending whole steps or descending 3rds. How would this chord from "I'll See You In My Dreams" best be analyzed? Maybe that's where the C# comes from? Suite Bergamasque is less well-known as a whole, but an individual movement within is very famous in the piano world Clair de lune. Debussy was recognized as the 5.0 5.0 out of 5 stars (2) MP3 Music. Even at this early stage in his career, when he was still working out what kind of composer he wanted to be (he was apparently a fervent debater when it came to Wagnerism), it's clear to see traits of that signature Debussy sound.However, the young Debussy had not quite developed the style and tricks that would earmark him as one of his generation's most notable talents. Instead, Debussy felt he was adapting the harmonic language of Richard Wagnerwhich challenged the norms of tonal musicfor a new century. 3536 and mm. Pursued by creditors at the time, Debussy complained in a letter to a friend that the various lessons I rely on for my daily bread have gone off to the seaside, without a thought for my domestic economy, and the whole thing is a good deal more melancholy than all the Ballades of Chopin (from The Life of Debussy by Roger Nichols, Cambridge University Press, 1998). Syler compositional interests were between orchestra, wind ensemble, Dr. Sheri Neill introduces herself and explains that she has different degrees in music and education from Texas Tech University, Stephan F. Austin University, and University of Missouri. How can this chord from Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini be analyzed? How could these chords in Debussy's "Reverie" be analyzed? In a review of 1895, Henry Gauthier-Villars described Claude Debussys Prlude laprs-midi dun faune as musique de rve, a descriptor that has been attached to Debussys style ever since. Please check your email address / username and password and try again. It was released that year on an album entitled Clap Hands, Here Comes Charlie!. This song began with a rolling unpitched sound coming from four snare drums with the claves. His music is often simply genius. All Rights Reserved. most important living French composer. Login | Register . 3 I am working on a harmonic analysis of "Reverie" by Debussy, and I am trying to find ways to analyze two things. A Study of Modern Harmony - Ren Lenormand 1915 Debussy was a French impressionist composer who essentially linked the romantic Debussy composed The beautiful whistle of the flutes first note strikes a high A, played softly, and the softness continues as the flute travels down the scale, only to play a C and make its way, legato, back up to an A (Morning Mood: Peer Gynt No.1). Claude The man depicted in the sky. Works for solo piano by Debussy. I am working on a harmonic analysis of "Reverie" by Debussy, and I am trying to find ways to analyze two things. Since then, the word has evolved to mean a state of being pleasantly lost in ones thoughts; a daydream.. Debussy: Rverie, L. 68. by Lang Lang. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. Also generalized landscape background in present. The excitement again grows causing a repetitive feel, but this time it is cultivated by the brass and the percussion sections that cause a tremendous increase in the volume of the piece. The first book of preludes is slightly easier than the second, since the second collection features Debussys more mature writing style. I dont use the pedal to sustain, but to create resonance and atmosphere. Even at this early stage in his career, when he was still working out what kind of composer he wanted to be (he was apparently a fervent debater when it came to Wagnerism), it's clear to see traits of that signature Debussy sound. Traumerei is such a beautiful piece! The best musical instrument is a love triangle. You can read more about this work here. Bridge- barrier separating man from nature. He's able to capture scenes of nature in a delicate, non-obvious way based more on feel than . by Claude Debussy Piano Music Players. Smooth Classics with Myleene Klass Henle categorizes them between level 7/8 and 8/9. Christopher Tin Human beings are weak thus forces, which they cannot control, influence them. On November 15, 205 at 2pm I was able to see the Rutgers Percussion Ensemble. These two arabesques were among Debussys first piano compositions, and still remain among his most famous. Some musicologists point to more mistakes and wrong notes in performances of legendary concert pianists of the early-to-mid-20th century as compared with the dominance of sanitized perfection in modern-day concert performances. I just got chills watching it again. (Read more about that here.) . Sweet Dream consists of a charming melody over a delicate accompaniment. The melody is quite flexible when it comes to performance, with emphasis being moved between significant parts of the melody. The texture builds over the course of the piece, however there isnt a climax in the traditional sense. Tom Sandoval and Ariana Madix have broken up after he allegedly cheated on her with Raquel Leviss. And it perfectly captures the spirit ofreverie. One of the most prolific and innovative composers of the early 20th century, Claude Debussy absorbed and transformed cultural influences from countries as far apart as Scotland ( The Girl with the Flaxen Hair ), Japan ( Poissons d'Or) and the USA ( Golliwogg's Cake Walk ). The characters that are victimized are viewed with understanding and sympathy. The composer and pianist in partnership, each takes a virtually equal role in the crafting of the sound and story, with the performer telling it as only he or she can. Protected civilization, people have forgotten how to feel, watch and hear. No. La Fille aux cheveux de lin (The Girl with the Flaxen Hair): RCM grade 9, Henle 4/5, De pas sur la neige (Footsteps in the Snow): RCM grade 10, Henle 4/5, Danseuses de Delphes (Dances of Delphi): RCM grade 10, Henle 5, Les sons et les parfums: ABRSM DipABRSM, Henle 6, La Cathedrale engloutie (The Engulfed Cathedral): ABRSM DipABRSM, Henle 6, La serenade interrompue: RCM grade 10, Hene 6/7, Le vent dans la plaine: ABRSM LRSM, Henle 7, Les collines dAnacapri: ABRSM LRSM, Henle 7, Ce qua vu le vent douest: ABRSM LRSM, Henle 7/8, Bruyeres (Heather): RCM grade 10, Henle 6, La puerta del Vino: ABRSM DipABRSM, Henle 6/7, General Lavine-eccentric: RCM grade 10, Henle 6/7, Hommage a S Pickwick, Esq: RCM grade 10, Henle 6/7, La terrasse des audiences du clair de lune: ABRSM LRSM, Henle 6/7, Les fes sont dexquises danseuses: ABRSM LRSM, Henle 7, Les tierces alternes: ABRSM LRSM, Henle 7/8. Riojas is the assistant professor of music at the University of Illinois in Chicago and the conductor of the Wildacres Saxophone Ensemble. Conducted business analysis and led projects related to organization redesign, marketing ROI, account management at Fortune 100 clients. You do not currently have access to this content. It only takes a minute to sign up. Berliozs Symphonie Fantastiqueis the epitome of a disturbing reverie (hey, the first movement is even called Rveries Passions). composed. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. She stipulates to get six francs from the farmer for her services and after moments of hesitation and arguing about the price, he grudgingly acquiesces. Is it suspicious or odd to stand by the gate of a GA airport watching the planes? The suite is meant to represent music from an old French court, and ranges from silly to deeply moving. finally fulfillment. Maupassant was a meticulous writer devoting much attention to the reality of everyday existence. However, despite the awesomeness of these pieces, theyre all very difficult at an RCM ARCT level (the level beyond grade 10). . Read more about this piece hereandhere. Some traumatizing events in his childhood caused him a depression and he never spoke about his early years. Given the harmony you've already analyzed, I'd say that Reverie is an Impressionistic piece. Mp3s Sheetmusic: Claude Debussy L 68 Rverie pour piano Piano 1890. Download 'Flocks a Mile Wide' on iTunes. Anlisis Musical 10,523 views Jan 23, 2017 73 Dislike Share Save musicnetmaterials 43K subscribers C. Debussy: Rverie (Ensueo). Upon investigation he found a little child sleeping in a hammock which was being gently swayed by the breeze. Why do academics stay as adjuncts for years rather than move around? The overall harmonic progression in mm. Bach's Prelude in Cm (BWV 847). I'd say the principal things to work on are the dynamics, the overall balance, and the pedal usage. light and mysteriously plucking a few left hand notes on the piano. fact, Debussy frequently had to borrow money from his friends. Is there a single-word adjective for "having exceptionally strong moral principles"? Occasionally, the flute will soften and be replaced by another wind or string, but the trend of surrounding the main instrument with other pieces still continues. Ill also make a few comments on the Henle rating system, since some of you find that helpful. Stott also ends phrases in a languishing sort of way, finishing them more slowly, like the way you speak the end of a sentence when youre sad; whereas in Ciccolinis rendition, he ends each phrase and it flows right into the pickup of the next phrase, without the same finality. is an accessible way into Debussys style. I wrote it in a hurry years ago, purely for material considerations. Stotts interpretation (right), on the other hand, sounds more melancholywhich might be more authentic to what Debussy intended, as he has said that when he wrote Rverie, it was one of the saddest times of his life. Stores and prices for '2014 Debussy Reverie Pinot Noir, IGP Pays d'Oc' | prices, stores, tasting notes and market data. In Debussy began explaining his music with these words: "The tonal scale must be enriched by other scalesmodulation thus becomes more flexible.". Written in 1890, Debussy's Reverie was one of his first solo piano works to make an impact. Disconnect between goals and daily tasksIs it me, or the industry? I first learned it when I was 13! In fact, he is considered the Paganini of the double bass. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. Rather than the crisp, clear type of concept I find in Baroque music, Im really after a continuity of thoughta fluidity, like when you throw a pebble into a pond, and the ripples move outward. This site uses cookies. There are hints along the way of how Debussys harmonic language progress during his life, although most of these are very mild in comparison. Gustav Mahler Symphony No.2: Movement III, Gustav Mahler Symphony No.2: Movement II, Gustav Mahler: Symphony No.2 Genesis & Movement I, Ralph Vaughan Williams English Folk Song Suite: Memorable Melodies, Alexander von Zemlinksy Symphony No. appears then disappears periodically. As it coalesces, bar by bar, it appears to be improvising . This would be a good gateway piece to try before attempting Clair de lune. an instrumental composition of a vague and dreamy character. Anlisis Musical Ms informacin. Dark. ICD 78 Year/Date of Composition Y/D of Comp. Tonicization is the most frequent type of tonal shift in jazz composition. Required fields are marked *. rev2023.3.3.43278. Offscreen, he was one himself. All rights reserved. The first arabesque is slightly easier than the second, but requires some tricky polyrhythm (three-against-two) playing. Copyright 2023 IPL.org All rights reserved. One is that it came about because their bunches . A harmonic minor is not a key. Originally planned for cello and orchestra, this work uses late Romantic eracharacteristics such as beautiful melodies, lush harmonies,and a full, orchestral-sounding accompaniment to tell a story. I believe that music. Thats why we resorted to the Delos theme for that moment, rather than a contemporary song., So far, we know that when we hear modern rock songs that we were in a park setting, that the music was either for the hosts and/or guests. . . Then the sopranos began singing softly with the altos following behind imitating and singing the words with a lower pitch. Im so glad you liked it! He was still trying to find his own voice as a composer at this time (in fact Debussy did not think this work was good at all), yet this beautiful meditation captures the lost-in-thought mood perfectly. Debussy was a French impressionist composer who essentially linked the romantic Is there a solution to add special characters from software and how to do it. After the washerwoman examines the old lady, she predicts to stay with her for 2-3 days till she utters her last breath.

Chili's Corporate Office Phone Number For Complaints, Articles D