kcse past papers Hydrol., 59: 173--187. Corresponding variations are present in the recharge to a dolomite aquifer. It makes cumulonimbus clouds. What is Nigerias location and importance? [5][citation needed]. Zambia is considered to be vulnerable to climate change which might lead to more variability in rainfall amounts and length of the rainy season. Since the beginning of January, following the first floods in Mambwe and Lumezi, the DMMU has been distributing food, tents and water treatment chemicals for the affected population. . This low-pressure zone mostly lies over the Democratic Republic of . To access more Ordinary level Geography topics go to Geography Notes Home. In the Kppen climate classification, most of the country is classified as humid subtropical or tropical wet and dry, with small patches of semi-arid steppe climate in the south-west. Convenctional Rainfall - This type of rain is very common in areas where the ground is heated by the sun. The Mfuwe section of South Luangwa can be visited at any time of year. None of the country is arid. Heavy rainfall in recent days has led to riverine and flash floods in Zambia, mainly in the Southern Province, with Gwembe and Siavonga Districts hardest-hit. Where do volcanoes and earthquakes happen? Rainfall is the amount of water falling in rain, snow, etc., within a given time and area, usually expressed as a hypothetical depth of coverage. WFP Zambia Country Brief, January 2021 Format Situation Report Source. This is restricted to the highest exposed hills, or more widely in the lower humidity areas of the southernmost parts of the country. . Relief rain. The plan is concerned with both the development of gender-responsive actions in response to climate change and the capacity to implement such plans.[18]. Frost only occurs on a few days in winter on the highest exposed hills, or more widely in the lower humidity areas of the southern half of the country. However, parts of Muchinga and Northern provinces as well as Mansa, Ndola, Kabompo, Senanga, Livingstone and surrounding areas are likely to receive normal to below normal rainfall. The weather in Zambia in November is hot. National Parks of the country like the Luangwa National Park, Kafue National Park, etc., act as wildlife havens. Also falls at a shorter distance downwind of the ridge are called spillover, sometimes. Much of the economic, cultural and social life of the country is dominated by the onset and end of the rainy season, and the amount of rain it brings. It is widespread on the west coast of the United Kingdom due to the prevailing weather coming from that direction. Relief rainfall is formed when the air cools as it rises over relief features in the landscape such as hills or mountains. It is situated on a high plateau and takes its name from the Zambezi River, which drains all but a small northern part of the country. The highest rainfall is in the north, especially the north-west and the north-east, decreasing towards the south; the driest areas are in the far south west and the Luangwa River and middle Zambezi River valleys, parts of which are considered semi-arid. PRACTICAL GEOGRAPHY The average temperature in Zambia in the summer season is 30C and in the winter (colder season) it can get as low as 5C. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); ACSEE REVIEW QUESTIONS Once over the top of the mountain the air will usually drop down the other side, warming as it does so. Relief Rainfall. Because such fires happen annually, there is no great buildup of dry fuel in the bush, and so the fires are not usually devastating. Zambia also undertook a study which showed that the country has lost Its is believed the Khoisan people groups originated in East Africa and spread southwards around 150,000 years ago. [citation needed], For the human population, the location of rural settlements is determined by access to water in the dry season (though boreholes are now commonly used to augment supplies). 17 Western and north-western India recorded more malaria cases with higher rainfall during La . Zambia is considered to be vulnerable to climate change. The biomes and ecoregions in the ecology of Zambia are described, listed and mapped here, following the World Wildlife Fund's classification scheme for terrestrial ecoregions, and the WWF freshwater ecoregion classification for rivers, lakes and wetlands. They all help to determine the kind of soils in an area. Jamaica Case Study, How can the growth of tourism reduce the development gap? If this process continues then rain will fall. kcse geography GitHub export from English Wikipedia. Hibernation through the dry season is practiced by some amphibians and invertebrates. 3.2 Wetlands 3.3 Zambia has Eight Wetlands of International Importance which include, the Kafue Flats . [citation needed], Deciduous trees which lose leaves in the dry season to conserve water predominate over evergreens which have waxy leaf cuticles for the same purpose. The distinction between rainy and dry seasons is marked with no rain at all falling in June, July and August. The average temperature in Zambia in the summer is 30C and in the winter (colder season) it can get as low as 5C. All Rights Reserved. When classified according to the rate of precipitation, rain can be divided into categories. The climate of the capital, Lusaka, is the same as that of the higher areas of central and southern Zambia, including Kafue National Park. In the UK, prevailing winds from the west lead to air rising over upland areas like the Pennines. Elsewhere, plants and animals are adapted to the long dry season. This means it has a greater ability to carry water moisture and so there is little rain on the far side of the mountain. Black soils of floodplains are fertile, grasses grow on them as soon as the annual flood recedes and provide a rich resource for herbivores. On the later part of the 20th century, runoff in the country decreased by 20 to 30% (MMET, 1998). Tours, Ethiopia The Twa people were split into two groups. Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Quick NetOne, Telecel, Africom, And Econet Airtime Recharge, Advantages and Disadvantages of wood as a source of energy, Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydroelectricity, Advantages and Disadvantages of Solar energy, Advantages and Disadvantages of Nuclear power as a source of energy, Advantages and Disadvantages of Natural gas as a source of energy. agricultural business Tunisia Case Study. Cultivated maize area has been on average 700,000 ha between 1987 and 2007, with largest area of 900,000 ha in 2008. Quetta does not get rain from the summer monsoon winds. In Barotseland, people move with their livestock, grazing them on the Barotse Floodplain in the dry season and moving to higher ground at the margins during the rainy season. Make decisions like a pro by using our 79,846 reviews and 216 destination guides. Heavy rainfall has driven flash and riverine flooding in Zambia, including in areas previously impacted by severe drought. This symmetry is, however, imperfect because of Relief rainfall occurs when air has been blown over the sea and is then forced up over an area of high land. If you've found the resources on this page useful please consider making a secure donation via PayPal to support the development of the site. necta biology past paper Zambias GDP growth rate by 0.4 percentage points per year, which costs the country US$4.3 billion over a 10-year period. Grasses and some other herbaceous plants dry up above ground but regenerate quickly with the onset of rains from roots and tubers, etc. The annual rainfall is more than 700 mm (28 in) in the Southern parts, while is more than 1,100 mm (43 in) in the northern parts. Traditionally, people have also migrated in the drier areas where rivers dambos are not prevalent. Most of Zambia forms part of the high plateau of this part of Africa (3,000 to 5,000 feet [900 to 1,500 metres] above sea level).Major relief features occur where river valleys and rifted troughs, some lake-filled, dissect its surface. This causes the air to expand and rise. How have plants adapted to cold environments? December, January, February & March - The wettest months, with heavy downpours in the afternoon. Contribute to chinapedia/wikipedia.en development by creating an account on GitHub. History has shown us that the rains are Image by BBC. They may kill animals, and damage crops if the rains end early and fires happen before harvest. form four topics Flooding in some parts of Lusaka. [citation needed], Most rivers, lakes and swamps, except in the far south and south-west, are permanent. The dry season lasts 68 months, divided into the cool dry season or winter from April or May to August, followed by the hot dry season, September to November. Such communities are said to be edaphic, and are found on grey dambo soils, black floodplain soils and Kalahari sands. Distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes, Effects of earthquakes and volcanoes on people and the environment, Reducing the impacts of earthquakes and volcanoes, Population and settlement iGCSE Geography, The main causes of a change in population size, A country with a rate of high population growth China, A country which is over-populated Bangladesh, A country which is under-populated Australia, A country with a low rate of population growth or decline Japan. Plains are low relief Two Earthquakes Compared Nepal and LAquila, Lombok Indonesia Earthquake 2018 Case Study, 2018 Sulawesi Indonesia Earthquake and Tsunami Case Study. Safaris, DR Congo Private tourMid-rangeLodge & Self Catering Accommodation, You Visit: Lusaka (Start), Lower Zambezi NP, South Luangwa NP, Mfuwe (End), 468 Stage 1. Relief (or Orographic) rainfall occurs in areas with mountains and/or complex terrains. How do changes affect the balance of an ecosystem? proposed in areas not yet severely affected by land degradation and drought. history of africa Grey dambo soils contain more nutrients but are waterlogged in the rainy season and often very acidic, restricting the plants which can grow there to sedges and wiry grasses tolerant of marshy conditions. Safaris, Rwanda Weathering and mass movement in river valleys. Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests biome, Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biome, Southern Rift montane forest-grassland mosaic, Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests, Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands. Castleton A tourist honey pot in The Peak District, Case Study Inner City Redevelopment Londons Docklands. How can we increase the amount of food produced globally? Climate change in Zambia: Impacts and adaptation. Zambia - Zambia - Climate: Although Zambia lies within the tropics, its climate is modified by the altitude of the country and is generally favourable to human settlement and comfort. In winter, theres hardly any rain and humidity is low. Integrated learning-by-doing approach as a respond to climate change impacts. Why is the Human Development Index important? kcse 6 How can the impacts of climate change be managed? Zambia is a Sub -Saharan African country with a land area of 752,614 km. Dambos are fewer. Leguminous tree species dominate, which are deciduous, losing leaves in the dry season and producing a flush of new leaves, often reddish, just before the onset of the rains. 1.2 Zambia Convection makes the air rise and cool. These cookies do not contain personal information and are not used for analytical or advertising purposes. Safaris & Tours, Botswana The coolest area overall is the high Nyika plateau, in the northeast on the border with Malawi. Relief rainfall occurs very frequently near mountains beside the sea. Much of the economic, cultural and social life of the country is dominated by the onset and end of the rainy season, and the amount of rain it brings. How are Nigerias trading and political relationships changing? Tours, Mozambique What is chemical and mechanical weathering? On the plateau (covering about 80% of the country) temperature ranges, depending on location are: Most of the country is frost-free but in some years ground frost occurs. The modifying influence of altitude gives the country pleasant subtropical weather rather than tropical conditions for most of the year. Researched evidence suggested that temperature was likely to increase by 1.82oC and rainfall reduce by 0.87 percentage points by 2050. Specific Objectives: (i) To investigate the spatial and temporal characteristics of seasonal (NDJFM) . Case study 7: Exploring daily rainfall data to investigate evidence of climate change in southern Zambia and its implication for farmers in the area Parin Kurjia, Durton Nanja b, Roger Sternc a Head, Biometry Unit, Department of Crop Science, University of Overview; Climate Data. 1,015mm (39.96 inches). This increased rainfall will likely result in at least average 2016/17 crop production, but may also cause flooding in flood-prone areas of central and southern Sudan. Zambia is right in the tropics and gets lots of rain in the Wet season (November to April). Climate and specifically rainfall amount is the chief determinant of type and distribution of the ecoregions of Zambia. This area is called the rain shadow. Changing rates of rainforest deforestation. During the rainy season months of November to April or May some days may be humid, but daily maximum temperatures are usually a little lower than in the hot dry season. Camerapix: "Spectrum Guide to Zambia." Since 1960, there has been an average decrease in annual rainfall of 1.9 mm per decade. The site is self-funded and your support is really appreciated. But Bangalore is in rain . Zambia is in the Zambezian region of the Afrotropical biogeographic realm (or ecozone). Relief rainfall is formed when the aircools as it rises over relief features in the landscape such as hills or mountains. Prior to the current 2005/06 season, the ZMD predicted normal to above normal rainfall for most parts of Zambia. For plants this includes the deciduous habit (losing leaves to conserve water), very deep root systems, water-storing roots and tubers, waxy leaf cuticles, and drought-resistant seeds. and 1,000 B.C. The 8 sites listed below form a broad chain running from south-west to north-east. Relief. Kalantary, C. (2010). How reliable are economic indicators of development? This is a type of rainfall that occur when warmer air is forced to rise over cold air. Flooding in some parts of Lusaka. in effect bring rainfall to the area. Zambia experiences good rainfall, with extremes of 500 to 1400 mm (most areas fall into the range 700 to ) in a distinct rainy season of four to six months centred on January, when the moist intertropical convergence zone is over the country. This rain flows into rivers and streams and these rivers and streams bring the water back to the sea where the cycle begins again. Traditionally, people have also migrated in the drier areas where rivers dambos are not prevalent. At higher altitudes it can get a bit cooler. Prevailing winds in the dry season are generally moderate, but occasionally more severe and may bring cool dust-laden air from distant arid regions. What factors influence the effects and response to tectonic activity? Zambia is a landlocked country located in Southern Africa, to the east of Angola. The downwind or leeward slope receives a small amount of rainfall in comparison. Here is the average precipitation. For this answer typeHow does Frontal Rainfall occurs?Miissmeg. Extreme weather in the UK Beast from the East, Extreme Weather in the UK Summer Heatwave 2018. The southern and western areas of the country have this year experienced their lowest rainfall since 1981, as well . Relief rainfall occurs very frequently near mountains beside the sea. The elevation of the great central African plateau on which Zambia is located, typically between 1000 and 1300 metres, modifies temperatures, which are lower than for coastal areas at the same latitude, and pleasant for much of the year. During the rainy season months of November to April or May some days may be humid, but daily maximum temperatures are usually a little lower than in the hot dry season. Relief rain usually occurs along coastal areas where a line of hills runs along the . Lower average altitudes characterize most of the areas in the North. In higher rainfall areas of Zambia the proportion and size of trees are at the higher extreme for this biome, with a canopy covering up to 40% of the ground and trees often exceeding 10 m in height. In some years, it moves south of Zambia, leading to a "little dry season" in the north of the country for three or four weeks in December. Frontal rainfall. This indicates that groundwater in Zambia usually has very low concentrations of dissolved constituents (total dissolved solids concentrations are typically less than 200 mg/l). The flooding has destroyed crops, including maize, especially in Munyumbwe area in Gwembe District, according to the Governments Disaster Management and Mitigation Unit (DMMU). While these costly relief efforts have been perceived as a necessity, such short-term interventions have generally precluded support for longer-term development processes, particularly in those areas with dry climate conditions. all form four past paper What is the role of transnational companies in Nigeria? Lucy is travel writer for a range of publications, including Lonely Planet's guides to Africa, Southern Africa and South Africa. What is migration and why do people migrate? Relief Rainfall. The main sites are: This biome covers an area of only about 100km on the northern border with Malawi, being an extension of a much larger area in Malawi and Tanzania, and so is frequently not counted as present in Zambia. j) The highest rainfall is recorded soon after the overhead sun in the months of April and October. The dry season is influenced by the Harmattan wind from the Sahara. Tours, Namibia What are the impacts of industry on the physical environment? This refers to the landscape position and the slopes it has. Relief is being provided to . Annual rainfall can reach up to about 1200 mm. Around 70% of the Zambian thicket has been lost to land clearing and at the present rate the rest will vanish within 20 years. However, these regular droughts have become more extreme and more unpredictable due to climate change.In fact studies based on dendrochronology, or tree rings dating, confirm that drought affected by global warming goes back to 1900.. Rainfall. Changes in rainfall and other forms of precipitation will be one of the most critical factors determining the overall impact of climate change.Rainfall is much more difficult to predict than . Zambia. The Zambia Agribusiness and Trade Project (ZATP), which has a current total of $40 million in funds (2016-2024), is a flagship project that aims to deliver on the government's Jobs and Economic Transformation agenda. kcse revision notes Hydropower, based on dammed surface water reservoirs, is a key part of Zambias energy mix, but poor rainfall (e.g. Rainfall at Kabwe is stable over long periods of time but varies considerably in the short term over periods of approximately 8 and 4 years. -. management effectiveness of the national protected areas system. A map of areas threatened by a wildfire, for instance, would have a date, and perhaps even a time, to track the progress of the wildfire. Grasslands both flooded and non-flooded also occur there . How have animals adapted to cold environments? civics past papers Safaris, Zimbabwe These are Central, Copperbelt, Eastern, Luapula, Lusaka, Muchinga, Northern, North-Western, Rain occurs on the Windward side and little/no rain on the leeward slope. What is the value of the tropical rainforest? Relief rain usually occurs along coastal areas where a line of hills runs along the . Prevailing winds in the dry season are generally moderate but occasionally more severe and may bring cool dust-laden air from distant arid regions. Zambia-specific climate change and (2) some empirical background on literature . It can occur almost SafariBookings is the largest online marketplace for African safari tours. In the UK prevailing winds from the west lead to air rising over upland areas such as the Rocky Mountai. In the north, rainfall is 1 250mm / 50in or more a year . i) The rainfall is heavy and falls throughout the year, averaging about 2 000 mm. A two-dimensional relief map displays the topography of a given area. An estimated total of 1,337 Ha of maize, 62 Ha of rice, 612 Ha of cassava and 8 . CAUSES OF SOIL EROSION IN THE TENNESSEE VALLEY REGION, Reasons why countries trade with one another, FACTORS INFLUENCING RAINFALL TYPE AND AMOUNT, IMPACT OF LIGHTING AND MEASURES TO COMBAT IT, UGANDA ADVANCED CERTIFICATE OF EDUCATION GEOGRAPHY NOTES, UGANDA ADVANCED CERTIFICATE OF EDUCATION SENIOR SIX GEOGRAPHY NOTES, Abundant supply of moisture through evaporation to air so that relative, Intense heating of the ground surface through incoming shortwave electromagnetic, There should be a mountain barrier across the wind direction, so that the moist air is forced on obstruction to move upward, There should be sufficient moisture in the air. The climate of Zambia in Central and Southern Africa is definitely tropical modified by altitude (elevation). Three types of rainfall are: Convectional rainfall, this type of rainfall occurs due to thermal convention due to heating of the ground surface. csee necta questions The SE Trades are forced to rise by the mountain, cool and condense and rain occurs on the South Eastern slopes or the windward slopes of the mountain. Along the banks of permanent rivers and in the spray of waterfalls are evergreen thickets similar in character to tropical rainforest, relics of a wetter past. The distribution of the biomes and ecoregions is governed mainly by the physical environment, especially climate. Prevailing winds are not usually very strong and a lack of a great deal of dry fuel on the ground (since most areas are burnt annually it does not build up) means that the fires are not as devastating as in countries such as Australia and the south-western USA. Temperatures are higher at lower elevations, such as the Luapula-Mweru and Mweru Wantipa/Tanganyika valleys in the north, and highest in the lower Luangwa and Zambezi valleys in the south, typically experiencing 40C (104F) in October, with rising humidity making for uncomfortable conditions. Highland areas to the west receive the most annual rainfall compared to the low-lying areas in the east. For example, with both mountains and valleys in the area, the local relief of Yosemite National Park is impressive. We're expecting roughly 8 to 15 days of rain, so your rubber boots and . What is the site and situation of a settlement? Rainfall is the amount of water falling in rain, snow, etc., within a given time and area, usually expressed as a hypothetical depth of coverage. pp (EUR), Zambia: If the annual flood is disrupted by dams, woody shrubs of lower nutritional value tend to replace grasses and so reduce the number of herbivores and biodiversity. This area is known as a rain shadow. World Wildlife Fund: Encyclopedia of Earth. Hence, the need of the country to always have enough maize in stock. The most extensive ecoregion covering about 50% of the country, characterised by Miombo trees (Brachystegia sp. Weather in the UK - rainfall Rainfall. Flash floods after unusually heavy rain cause damage when they occur in places that do not experience annual floods. What challenges have been caused by urban growth in Mumbai? Zambia experiences good rainfall, with extremes of 500 to 1400mm (most areas fall into the range 700 to ) in a distinct rainy season of four to six months centred on January, when the moist intertropical convergence zone is over the country. Convection makes the air rise and cool. LUSAKA, Zambia The roofs on more than 446 schools in Zambia were torn off by heavy rains and winds in the past week as the rainy season commenced, an official told Parliament. Kalahari Sands in the south-west of the country are infertile and do not retain moisture, so are dominated mostly by deep-rooted trees with little growth in the understorey. Tours, Zambia Otherwise temperature by itself is not a great determinant of plant and animal distribution. (4) J2002 history notes The country does not suffer tornadoes or cyclones of widespread destructive force. Frontal Rainfall. In geography, a location's relief is the difference between its highest and lowest elevations. Zambia has a sub-tropical climate that is tempered by its relatively high altitude, making it more temperate and pleasant than other sub-tropical areas. Population Zambia's population is about 10.9 million (2004), of which 64 percent is rural (Table 1). civics "The government of Zambia has an interest in maize, that's why they go in . Except for those living in areas of permanent freshwater, animals are adapted to the long dry season, as seen in migration and breeding patterns. [citation needed], The highest rainfall is in the north, especially the north-west and the north-east, decreasing towards the south; the driest areas are in the far south west and the Luangwa River and middle Zambezi River valleys, parts of which are considered semi-arid. The average number of hot days1 and hot nights per year in Zambia have increased while the Rainfall 800-1000 mm, and the growing season is 100-140 days long. The role of termites in building mounds which remain above most of the flood is important as this provides habitats for plants less tolerant of getting waterlogged, as well as safe breeding sites for birds and some animals. J. There are reports that more than 2 million people may be affected by the damage to agriculture. Copy. ), a member of the legume family. 58.5. What is the Demographic Transition Model? Entertainment Editor. Results when near saturated, warm maritime air is forced to rise by a coastal mountain barrier. Clouds form and produce rain. It Part of the industrial area flooded. Rainfall and recharge to a dolomite aquifer in a semi-arid climate at Kabwe, Zambia. Relief rain. necta chemistry past papers The dry season is subdivided into the cool dry season (May to August), and the hot dry season (September to October/November). See answer (1) Best Answer. Lusaka - Average precipitation. Much of the ecoregion in Southern Province (sometimes referred to as the Southern Plateau) and the south-east of Eastern Province (sometimes referred to as the Eastern Plateau) has been cleared for farming and ranching. Peshawar is a rain fed area and gets western depression rain in winter and also receives rain from monsoon in summer. Elsewhere, from Zambia across Malawi, Zimbabwe and central Mozambique, above average rainfall has favoured conditions suitable for planning and early crop Because the wind meets a high mountain, it is forced to rise upwards. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY As the air rises, it cools and condenses. The Zambia Meteorological Department has warned of more flash floods and heavy fall in North-western, Central, Copperbelt and Lusaka Provinces. Zambia has not been spared from the scourge of land degradation especially during the past ten (10) years. Zambia, landlocked country in south-central Africa. Most of the rain occurs on the East side of the slope. The leeward side is sometimes known as a rain shadow area. What are the environmental impacts of economic development in Nigeria? In Southern Africa, countries have recently experienced malaria epidemics following unusual rainfall. Philip is the Zambia expert for SafariBookings and author of more than 20 guidebooks to Africa. The significance of food, water and energy, An overview of global inequalities in the supply and consumption of resources, Carbon footprints, food miles and moves towards local sourcing of food. necta csee past paper Where are the areas of water deficit and surplus in the UK? How is demand for energy changing in the UK? Of late, droughts have been crippling the nation and have contributed to the already low life-expectancy GEOLOGY, RELIEF AND DRAINAGE Fig 2.1a page 26 . condense into a cloud and then rains. How has rainforest vegetation adapted to the climate? Farmers in the east and south of In January the ITCZ is in its southernmost Historically, Zambia has been prone to extreme rainfall events resulting in widespread flooding. The water cycle as it occurs in real life. How is a cold environment interdependent? kcse geography revision notes A warmer climate with more rainfall means more vegetative cover and more animal action. There are two main seasons: the rainy season (November to April) corresponding to summer, and the dry season (May to October/November), corresponding to winter. Frontal rain produces a variety of clouds, which bring moderate to heavy rainfall. SPACE DYNAMICS AND CLIMATOLOGY to 716 pp (EUR), Zambia: She writes for national newspapers, magazines, Rough Guides and Lonely Planet. The dominant genus, Cryptosepalum, is a tree in the legume family. population studies Water droplets accumulate and rain falls due to gravity. Temperatures average between 18C/64F in the morning and 29C/84F in the afternoon. What are the economic and environmental issues of energy production? Second, the near bisection of the continent by the Equator results in a largely symmetrical arrangement of climatic zones on either side.

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